Katzanelson High School
Kfar Saba 2013
Presented to: Frida Eder
Presented by: Stav Zimerman and Tamir Goldman
Phone Number: Stav- 0545866994 Tamir-0546868092
March 24th 2014
Blog #: RelatioNet FRED27CRPO
Blog address: FRED27CRPO.blogspot.com
RelatioNet-Blog
First name: Frida
Last name: Eder
Father’s name: Haim
Mother’s name: Paula
Brother’s name: Janek
Sister’s name: Sofiha
Year of Birth: 1928
Country of Birth: Poland
City of Birth: Krakow
Background information on places Frida lived before, during and after the war
Krakow
Krakow was the third largest city in Poland before World War II. Krakow, located in southern Poland, the 56,000 Jews who lived there made up a quarter of its population. Jews lived in the city for hundreds of years before World War II. Krakow’s Jewish society was diverse including: lultra-Zionists, Socialists - Bundists , Jews combined Jewish and Polish culture. There were many Jewish organizations, newspapers, Jewish cultural institutions there. The city had a Jewish quarter which not all Jews lived in, but all its inhabitants were Jews.
Most of the people engaged in trade and small industries, especially in the clothing and food industries, and forty percent of them were working as clerks or in the service sector. Many Jews also worked in other industries such as the building industry or industries of metal, leather and wood.
Jews also took an important place in the Polish Communist Party operated underground.
Krakow was occupied by the Germans in October 1939. The Germans established the city as the capital of the German occupied zone of Poland.
Jewish refugees arrived from other places. The Jewish community in Krakow suffered from anti-jewish
on the 5-6 of December 1939, the Germans conducted acts of terror in Jewish neighborhood in the city in order to steal property.
At the same time several synagogues were set on fire.
On 1 May 1940 a decree was issued forbidding Jews to be found in the central parts of the city. On May 18, the mayor announced that the German Jews could leave the city and take their property until August 15, 1940 Tens of thousands of Jews left the city. Some fled to eastern Poland, which was then under Russian rule, and some moved to the towns and villages around Krakow. In November 1940 Jews were expelled from Krakow and surrounding towns. Leaving only 11,000 Jews out of 60,000 Jews who lived there before the war.
Near ghetto was established in Fodogoz'h - a southern suburb of the city of Krakow. This area, which was designed to house a population of 3000 people, 15,000 Jews were force. Once built concrete walls around the area, he worked as a bounded and closed for two years - since its establishment in March 1941 until the final liquidation. Ghetto was cleared of occupants in March 1943, with the last shipment of Jews to the Belzec and Auschwitz extermination camps. The vast majority of the inhabitants were killed.
Jews also took an important place in the Polish Communist Party operated underground.
Krakow was occupied by the Germans in October 1939. The Germans established the city as the capital of the German occupied zone of Poland.
Jewish refugees arrived from other places. The Jewish community in Krakow suffered from anti-jewish
on the 5-6 of December 1939, the Germans conducted acts of terror in Jewish neighborhood in the city in order to steal property.
At the same time several synagogues were set on fire.
On 1 May 1940 a decree was issued forbidding Jews to be found in the central parts of the city. On May 18, the mayor announced that the German Jews could leave the city and take their property until August 15, 1940 Tens of thousands of Jews left the city. Some fled to eastern Poland, which was then under Russian rule, and some moved to the towns and villages around Krakow. In November 1940 Jews were expelled from Krakow and surrounding towns. Leaving only 11,000 Jews out of 60,000 Jews who lived there before the war.
Near ghetto was established in Fodogoz'h - a southern suburb of the city of Krakow. This area, which was designed to house a population of 3000 people, 15,000 Jews were force. Once built concrete walls around the area, he worked as a bounded and closed for two years - since its establishment in March 1941 until the final liquidation. Ghetto was cleared of occupants in March 1943, with the last shipment of Jews to the Belzec and Auschwitz extermination camps. The vast majority of the inhabitants were killed.
Country of birth-Poland
The history of Poland from 1939 to 1945 encompasses the German invasion of Poland as well as the Soviet invasion of Poland through to the end of World War II. On 1 September 1939, without a formal declaration of war, Germany invaded Poland with the immediate pretext being the Gleiwitz incident, a provocation staged by the Gestapo claiming that Polish troops had allegedly committed "provocations" along the German-Polish border including house torching, which were all staged by the Germans. Nazi Germany also used issues like the dispute between Germany and Poland over German rights to the Free City of Danzig and the freeing of a passage between East Prussia and the rest of Germany through the Polish Corridor as excuses for the invasion. Pursuant to the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, Poland was attacked by the Soviet Union on 17 September 1939. Before the end of the month most of Poland was divided between Germany and the Soviets.
Persecution of the Jews by the Nazi occupation government, particularly in the urban areas, began immediately after the occupation. In the first year and a half, however, the Germans confined themselves to stripping the Jews of their property and herding them into ghettoes and putting them into forced labor in war-related industries. During this period the Jewish community leadership, the Judenrat, which, unlike Polish authorities, had an official recognition by the Germans, was able to some extent to bargain with the Germans. After the German attack on the Soviet Union in June 1941, special extermination squads (the Einsatzgruppen) were organised to kill Jews in the areas of eastern Poland which had been annexed by the Soviets in 1939.
In 1942, the Germans began the systematic killing of the Jews, beginning with the Jewish population of the General Government. Six extermination camps (Auschwitz, Belzec, Chełmno, Majdanek, Sobibór and Treblinka) were established in which the most extreme measure of the Holocaust, the mass murder of millions of Jews from Poland and other countries, was carried out between 1942 and 1944. Of Poland's prewar Jewish population of 3 million, only about 369,000 survived the war.
In general, during the German occupation, most Poles were engaged in a desperate struggle for survival. They were in no position to oppose or impede the German extermination of the Jews even if they had wanted to. There were however many cases of Poles risking death to hide Jewish families and in other ways assist the Jews. Only in Poland was death a standard punishment for a person and his whole family, and sometimes also neighbours, for any help given to Jews.
For more details on this topic, see Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust.
In September 1942, the Provisional Committee for Aid to Jews was founded on the initiative of Zofia Kossak-Szczucka. This body later became the Council for Aid to Jews, known by the code-name Żegota. It is not known how many Jews were helped by Żegota, but at one point in 1943 it had 2,500 Jewish children under its care in Warsaw alone.
The place that the survivor was during the war-
Auschwitz concentration camp was a network of concentration and extermination camps built and operated by the Third Reich in Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany during World War II. It was the largest of the German concentration camps, consisting of Auschwitz I (the Stammlager or base camp); Auschwitz II–Birkenau (extermination camp).
Auschwitz III–Monowitz, also known as Buna–Monowitz (a labor camp); and 45 satellite camps.
Auschwitz had for a long time been a German name for Oświęcim, the town by and around which the camps were located; the name "Auschwitz" was made the official name again by the Germans after they invaded Poland in September 1939. Birkenau, the German translation of Brzezinka (= "birch forest"), referred originally to a small Polish village that was destroyed by the Germans to make way for the camp.
Auschwitz II–Birkenau was designated by Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler, Germany's Minister of the Interior, as the place of the "final solution of the Jewish question in Europe". From early 1942 until late 1944, transport trains delivered Jews to the camp's gas chambers from all over German-occupied Europe.
Those not killed in the gas chambers died of starvation, forced labor, infectious diseases, individual executions, and medical experiments.
The place after the war-Sweden
After the war thousands of survivors from the concentration camps settled in Sweden. This immigration doubled the Jewish population of Sweden. Jews from Hungary came in 1956 and from Poland in 1968.
They were joined by Jews from the late 20th century and the early 21st century former soviet union and the state of Israel.
Intermarriage rate among Swedish Jews is due to the fact that Sweden is a secular country. Jews, constitute five percent of the population, are part of the society and culture in Sweden.
The story-Frida Eder
Frida says that her life before the war were pretty good, she lived in a nice place, her family wasn’t very rich but they wear wealthy.
Before the war they had a fur shop which her father liked very much.
Frida loved to dance, especially on ice, but due to the invasion she had to stop because it was not possible to continue at this period of time.
Before the war , people who were not Jewish treated her very well, “We did not have strong friendships but they didn’t think about that I’m Jewish”, her sister (Sophia) even went to a Christian school.
The Parents- Haim and Paula
When the war started she was 11 years old, after two weeks of war the Gestapo began their announcements- to give them all of the Jews’ property, "I remember they came in and we were in the basement and we saw their legs when they passed, I still think about it , it makes me shiver ."
Then the Jews were asked to give out their stores, their businesses and her family had to give their fur store, it was very difficult for her father to give this shop out, but he had to, there was no choice.
Then the persecutions of Jews began, Jews were caught by Nazis, they were humiliated and their wigs and beards were shaved. “It was terrible” says Frida.
Nazi Invasion affected her, she was a little girl and she did not know what they are going to do, Frida says that everyone were very scared but they did not know that the Nazi’s plan was to annihilate them.
A week after the invasion she came back to school and a week after that, school was closed and they had to leave school and they realized that something bad is going to happen.
A few months later they had to pack up, leave the house and move into the ghetto. In the ghetto they did not find an apartment that suits them as they used to have, but they had to manage with what they had found.
They took a horse and a wagon and they had rode to the ghetto.
A few months later they had to pack up, leave the house and move into the ghetto. In the ghetto they did not find an apartment that suits them as they used to have, but they had to manage with what they had found.
They took a horse and a wagon and they had rode to the ghetto.
Life in Ghetto were depressing, everyone had left their homes for old houses.
Once her father was hit by a Motorcycle, on purpose, he was very sick but there was a hospital and they took care of him at home after the accident.
A while later transports had begun, her brother (Janek - Polish name) was taken, they do not know exactly when it happened, he just did not come home.
Frieda worked at shoveling snow. When she returned from work one day she couldn’t find her parents, the Nazis took them. She was left only with her sister.
They were transported from one place to another all the time.
Before she went to a concentration camp she had lived with 3-4 families in a very small room. In one of the families there was a little boy who was born not long ago. There was an announcement that the Jews must go out, the soldiers passed between the apartments and banished the people.
In one case she saw a Gestapo soldier take the baby and throw him from the third floor. In 1942, they left the apartment and they were sent to Plaszow, a concentration camp near Krakow.
They started working in the camp. She worked with her sister, at first, and then she was pushing carts full of stones.
The camp chief was a drug addict, he had 12 big dogs and the Jews were very afraid of him. When he called "Jew" one of the dogs was released and it attacked the person.
The camp chief was a drug addict, he had 12 big dogs and the Jews were very afraid of him. When he called "Jew" one of the dogs was released and it attacked the person.
Many punishments were executed using a leather whip, and when someone did something that the Gestapo did not like, he would receive 25 blows from the whip. It was very difficult to survive such a punishment.
They were in that camp for two years (Frida and her sister).
Then they were taken to Auschwitz by train.
The sister, Sophia
Frida says that the train ride was very hard for her.
When they arrived at Auschwitz, they were asked to undress and wait for the selection (selecting who goes where - death or life)
They were naked while in the selection, Dr. Mengele is the one who decided who goes each way.
When the British came they did not know what to do with the Jews and the camps, first of all they did DDT.
Frida says she could not even remember how bread looks like.
The British had established hospitals and Frida was taken to Sweden because she was famished. There they took care of her and her recovery had begun. They let her eat only what her body could absorb and she was there a year and a half, in Sweden.
People from the "Haganah" came and asked to recruit people to come to Israel. Frida volunteered and in 1948 she came to Israel. She had arrived in 1948, and while she was on board the British stopped the ship and sent them to Cyprus for almost a year. They were hungry there, and only afterwards she came to Israel.
When she came to Israel she went to kibbutz "Givat Haim", where she had started a new period in her life.
Frida says she could not even remember how bread looks like.
The British had established hospitals and Frida was taken to Sweden because she was famished. There they took care of her and her recovery had begun. They let her eat only what her body could absorb and she was there a year and a half, in Sweden.
People from the "Haganah" came and asked to recruit people to come to Israel. Frida volunteered and in 1948 she came to Israel. She had arrived in 1948, and while she was on board the British stopped the ship and sent them to Cyprus for almost a year. They were hungry there, and only afterwards she came to Israel.
When she came to Israel she went to kibbutz "Givat Haim", where she had started a new period in her life.
Now she has 2 daughters and she lives in Kfar-Saba. She loves this city.
She feels that the fact that she has rehabilitated herself and that she has built this family is a revenge for what happened to the Jews in the Holocaust.
